36 ECOSYSTEM QUESTIONS
ECOSYSTEM QUESTIONS
Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels is called as
A) Standing crop B) Standing state C) Stratification D) Decomposition
Identification and enumeration of plant and animal species of an ecosystem gives its
A) Productivity B) Species composition
C) Physical structure D) Vertical distribution
Which one of the following is odd one out from others
A) Decomposition B) Energy flow C) Nutrient cycling D) None
The autotrophic components include
A) Phytoplankton B) Some algae C) Marginal plants D) All of these
The decomposers is/are the
A) Fungi B) Bacteria C) Flagellates D) All of these
The consumers is/are
A) Zooplankton B) Phytoplanktons C) Marginal plants D) All of these
What is the basic requirement for any ecosystem to function and sustain.
A) Primary production B) Decomposers
C) Constant input of solar energy D) Nutrient cycling
________ is defined as the amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over a time period by plants during photosynthesis
A) Gross primary productivity B) Primary production
C) Secondary production D) None of these
Primary production is expressed as-
A) K 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑚2 B) K 𝐶𝑎𝑙/𝑚2 C) 𝑔/𝑚2 D) both B & C
______ of an ecosystem is the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis
A) Net primary productivity B) Secondary production
C) Gross primary productivity D) None of these
Net primary productivity (NPP) equals to
A) NPP = R – GPP B) GPP – R = NPP C) NPP = GPP + R D) GPP = R – NPP
The rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers is called as
A) primary productivity B) Gross primary productivity
C) Secondary productivity D) Respiratory loss
Primary productivity depends on
A) Variety of environmental factors B) Availability of nutrients
C) Photosynthetic capacity of plant D) All of these
The annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere is approximately
A) 190 million tons B) 170 million tons C) 170 billion tons D) None of these
Which one of the following is called as “farmer’s friend”?
A) Cow B) Bacteria C) Earthworm D) Crops
Who breaks down complex organic matter into inorganic substances like CO2, water etc.
A) Crop roots B) Decomposers C) Grazing Cattle D) None of these
The process of breaks down complex organic matter into inorganic substances is called as
A) Fragmentation B) Humification C) Decomposition D) Leaching
Detritus is/are
A) Dead plant B) Dead animals C) Fecal matter D) All of these
The correct way of decomposition
A) Fragmentation → leaching → humification → catabolism → mineralization
B) Fragmentation → leaching → catabolism → humification → mineralization
C) Fragmentation → catabolism → leaching → mineralization → humification
D) Fragmentation → mineralization → catabolism → leaching → humification
_________ break down detritus into smaller particles
A) Earthworm B) Detritivores C) Phytoplanktons D) Both A & B are correct
Bacteria and fungal enzymes degrade detritus into simpler inorganic substances. This process is called as
A) Leaching B) Fragmentation C) Catabolism D) Humification
Humification leads to accumulation of a dark coloured amorphous substance called _______
A) Pectin B) Humus C) Lignin D) None of these
Decomposition rate is slower if
A) Detritus rich in lignin & chitin B) Rich in nitrogen & sugars
C) Low in nitrogen & chitin D) Low in lignin
________ favours decompositions
A) Warm & dry environment B) Warm & moist environment
C) cold & dry environment D) cold & moist environment
PAR stands for
A) Percent active radiation B) Photosynthetically active radiation
C) Power angel regulation D) None of these
Plant capture only ______ of the PAR and this amount of energy sustains the entire living world
A) 50 – 60 % B) 40 – 80 % C) 2 – 10 % D) 20 – 40 %
The green plant in the ecosystem are called
A) Primary consumer B) Producer
C) Secondary consumer D) None of these
Producers in an aquatic ecosystem
A) Phytoplankton B) Algae C) Zooplanktons D) Both A & B
Generally, primary consumers will be
A) Carnivores B) Producers C) Herbivores D) All of these
In ecosystem, GFC stands for
A) Generic flow control B) Global fund for children
C) Grazing food chain D) None of these
Decomposers are also known as
A) Autotrophs B) Standing crops C) Saprotrophs D) None of these
Based on the source of their nutrition or food, organisms occupy a specific place in the food chain that is known as their
A) Food web B) Trophic level C) Niche D) Eco level
Match the following
Column I |
Column II |
||
| i | Plants | a | Lion |
| ii | Carnivores | b | Phytoplanktons |
| iii | Herbivores | c | Wolf |
| iv | Top Carnivores | d | Cow |
The standing crop is measured as the
A) Mass of living organisms B) Biomass
C) The no. in a unit area D) All of these
Choose the correct sequence –
A) Producer → herbivore → primary carnivore → secondary carnivore
B) Producer → primary carnivore →herbivore → secondary carnivore
C) Primary carnivore → secondary carnivore → herbivore → Producer
D) None of these
Ecological pyramids are
A) Pyramid of number B) Pyramid of energy
C) Pyramid of biomass D) All of these
The pyramid of biomass in sea is
A) Always upright B) Generally inverted
C) Both A & B D) None of these
Pyramid of energy is
A) Always inverted B) Sometime upright C) Always upright D) Sometimes inverted
Identify the pyramid
A) Pyramid of number B) Pyramid of biomass
C) Pyramid of energy D) None of these
Identify the pyramid
A) Pyramid of number B) Pyramid of biomass
C) Pyramid of energy D) None of these
Identify the pyramid
A) Pyramid of number B) Pyramid of biomass
C) Pyramid of energy D) None of these
A community that is in near equilibrium with the environment is called as
A) Pioneer community B) Middle community
C) Climax community D) Sere
The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of a given area is called
A) Hydrarch succession B) Ecological succession
C) Pioneer succession D) None of these
The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called
A) Ecosystem B) Pioneer C) Sere D) All of these
Areas where primary succession occurs
A) Bare rock B) Newly cold lava
C) Newly created pond D) All of these
Secondary succession begins in areas where
A) No living organism are there
B) Lost all the living organism
C) Natural biotic communities have been destroyed
D) Both B & C
Areas where secondary succession occurs
A) Burned and cut forests areas B) Land that have been flooded
C) Abandoned farm lands D) All are correct
Select the correct statement
A) secondary succession is faster than primary succession
B) primary succession is faster
C) Both are a equal speed
D) None of these
The individual transitional communities are termed as
A) Seral stages B) Pioneer C) Seral communities D) Both A & C are correct
Which type of succession takes place in wet areas
A) Hydrarch succession B) Xerarch succession
C) Mesarch succession D) None of these
Xerarch succession occurs in
A) Wet areas B) Cold areas C) Dry areas D) All of these
The species that invade a bare area called
A) Sere B) Pioneer species C) Climax species D) None of these
In hydrarch succession the successional series progress from
A) Mesic to hydric condition B) Hydric to mesic condition
C) Hydric to xeric condition D) Xeric to mesic condition
In xerarch succession, the succession series progress from
A) Xeric to hydric condition B) Xeric to mesic condition
C) Mesic to xeric condition D) None of these
Which one of the following occur as a pioneer species on rocks
A) Bryophytes B) Phytoplankton C) Lichens D) Blue algae
Choose the correct sequence of succession in water
A) Phytoplanktons → rooted-submerged plants → rooted floating angiosperms → free floating plants → reed swamp → marsh-meadow → scrub → the trees → forest
B) Phytoplanktons → free floating plants → rooted-submerged plants → rooted floating angiosperms → reed swamp → scrub → marsh-meadow → the trees → forest
C) Phytoplanktons → rooted-submerged plants → reed swamp → rooted floating angiosperms → free floating plants → marsh-meadow → scrub → the trees → forest
D) None of these
Choose the correct statement-
A) All succession whether taking place in water or on land, proceeds to a different climax community
B) All succession whether taking place in water or on land, proceeds to a similar climax community the mesic
C) All succession whether taking place in water or on land, proceeds to a similar climax community the xeric
D) All of these
Which one of the following is not the part of hydrarch succession
A) Scrub stage B) Tree C) Zooplankton D) Submerged plant stage
During succession some species colonise an area and their population become more numerous whereas population of other species
A) Increases B) Decline and even disappear
C) Migrate D) None of these
Why does secondary succession is faster?
A) Because soil is already there B) They have special power
C) Growth of plants is faster D) All of these
The climax community remains _______ as long as the environment remains _______.
A) Unstable, unchanged B) Stable, unchanged
C) Stable, changed D) Stable, changed
The word (term) use for medium water conditions
A) Xeric B) Hydric C) Mesic D) None of these
Choose the correct sequence
i) lichens
ii) Grasses
iii) Bryophytes
iv) Higher plants
v) Forest
A) i → ii → iii → iv → B) i → iii → ii → iv → v
C) i → iv → ii → iii → v D) v → iv → i → ii → iii
in hydrarch succession, after climax with time the water body is converted into
A) River B) Ocean C) Land D) None of these
In hydrarch succession, the pioneer and climax community are respectively
A) Forest, Phytoplanktons B) Phytoplanktons, Forest
C) Mess, Trees D) Lichen, Trees
The amount of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium etc present in the soil at any given time is referred to as the
A) Nutrients cycle B) Standing crop C) Standing state D) None of these
Standing state varies in
A) Different kinds of ecosystem B) On a season basis
C) Different kinds of nutrients D) Both A & B
The movement of nutrients elements through the various components of an ecosystem can be called
A) Gaseous cycle B) Nutrient cycling C) Sedimentary cycle D) All of these
Another name of nutrient cycling is
A) Gaseous cycle B) Biological cycle
C) Biogeochemical cycle D) Biophysical
Reservoir for gaseous type of nutrient cycle
A) Earth’s crust B) Rock C) The atmosphere D) Water bodies
Reservoir for sedimentary type of Nutrient cycle
A) Ocean B) Earth’s crust C) Rock D) Atmosphere
Environmental factor to regulate the rate of release of nutrients into the atmosphere.
A) Soil B) Moisture C) Temperature & pH D) All of the above
Reason behind nutrients never lost from ecosystem.
A) Because nutrients present in large amount
B) Because they are recycled
C) Because they have no use
D) All of the above
Percent of carbon constitutes in dry weight of organism
A) 60% B) 39% C) 49% D) 71%
Which is the first & second most abundant constituent of an organism?
A) Water, phosphorus B) Water, carbon C) Carbon, water D) Carbon, phosphorus
How much of total quantity of global carbon is dissolved in the oceans?
A) 88% B) 75% C) 81% D) 71%
Carbon cycling occurs through
A) Atmosphere B) Living & dead organism
C) Ocean D) All of the above
How much at carbon in fixed annually in the biosphere through photosynthesis?
A) 8 × 1012 kg B) 4 × 1012 kg C) 4 × 1013 kg D) 4.9 × 10 kg
Additional sources for releasing CO2 in the atmosphere is/are-
A) Burning of wood B) Forest fire C) Fossil fuel D) All of the above
Human activities have significantly increased the rate of released of CO2 into the atmosphere by
A) Rapid deforestation B) Massive burning of fossil
C) Both A and B D) None of the above
Phosphorus is a major constituent of
A) Biological membranes B) Nucleic acids
C) Cellular energy transfer unit D) All of the above
Rock is the natural reservoir of
A) Carbon B) Nitrogen C) Phosphorus D) None at these
Herbivores & other animals obtain Phosphorus from
A) Rock B) Plants C) Ocean D) Lake
The waste products and the dead organism are decomposed by ________ releasing phosphorus.
A) Fungi B) Phosphate-solubilising bacteria
C) Phosphate-unsolubising bacteria D) None of the above
Choose the correct statement.
A) Atmospheric inputs of phosphorus through rainfall are much smaller than carbon inputs.
B) Atmospheric inputs of phosphorus through rainfall are larger than carbon inputs.
C) Atmospheric inputs of phosphorus through rainfall are equal to the carbon inputs.
D) None of the above
Choose the more correct statement.
A) Gaseous exchange at phosphorus b/w organism & environment are very high.
B) Gaseous exchange of phosphorus b/w organism & environment are low.
C) Gaseous exchange at phosphorus b/w organism & environment are negligible.
D) None at these
In natural resevoirs, phosphorus present in the form of
A) Phosphite B) Pyrophosphate
C) Phosphates D) None of the above
Identify the blanks
| A) | Detritus | Weathering | Soil Solution | Litter fall |
|
B) |
Litter fall | Weathering | Detritus | Soil solution |
| C) | Weathering | Litter fall | Soil solution | Detritus |
| D) | Detritus | Soil solution | Litter fall | Weathering |
Which one of the following is not a Gaseous nutrient cycle?
A) Oxygen cycle B) Nitrogen cycle C) Sulphur cycle D) None of the above
Animals need large quantities of phosphorus to make
A) Shells B) Teeth C) Bones D) All of the above
The products of ecosystem processes are named as
A) Environmental services B) Ecosystem goods
C) Ecosystem services D) All of the above
Healthy ecosystems are the base for a
A) Wide range of economic B) Environmental
C) Aesthetic goods & services D) All of the above
Examples of Ecosystem services
A) Healthy forest ecosystem purify air & water
B) Generate fertile soil
C) Provide storage site for carbon
D) All of the above
________ & his colleagues have very recently tried to put price tags on nature’s life-support services.
A) Robert frost B) Robert Constanza C) Robert hook D) Robert Clive
Researchers have put an average price tag of ________ a year on fundamental ecosystem services.
A) US $ 33 billion B) US $ 44 billion C) US $ 44 trillion D) US $ 33 trillion
GNP stands for
A) Grand national product B) Gross national product
C) Gross national produce D) None of these
Out of the total cost at various ecosystem services the soil formation accounts for about.
A) 40% B) 60% C) 50% D) 30%
The cost of climate regulation & habitat for wildlife are
A) 8% each B) 6% at overall C) 6% each D) None at the above
The value of the global GNP
A) US $ 28 trillion B) US $ 18 Billion C) US $ 33 trillion D) US $ 18 trillion
Choose the correct statement.
A) Value of Ecosystem services at biodiversity is difficult to determine.
B) Value of Ecosystem services of biodiversity is very easy to determine.
C) No need to determine the value of Ecosystem services.
D) None of these
What type of ecological pyramid would be obtained with the following data?
Secondary consumer : 120 g
Primary consumer : 60 g
Primary producer : 10 g
(a) Inverted pyramid of biomass (b) Pyramid of energy
(c) Upright pyramid of biomass (d) Upright pyramid of numbers
Which ecosystem has the maximum biomass?
(a) Grassland ecosystem (b) Pond ecosystem (c) Lake ecosystem (d) Forest ecosystem
The term ecosystem was coined by :
(a) E.P. Odum (b) A.G. Tansley (c) E. Haeckel (d) E. Warming
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cropland ecosystem?
(a) Absence of soil organisms (b) Least genetic diversity
(c) Absence of weeds (d) Ecological succession
Which of the following would appear as the pioneer organisms on bare rocks?
(a) Lichens (b) Liverworts (c) Mosses (d) Green algae
Most animals that live in deep oceanic waters are :
(a) secondary consumers (b) tertiary consumers (c) detritivores (d) primary consumers
Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels in a biotic community is known as :
(a) stratification (b) zonation (c) pyramid (d) divergence
The mass of living material at a trophic level at a particular time is called ___________.
(a) Standing state (b) Net primary productivity
(c) Standing crop (d) Gross primary productivity
In an ecosystem the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis is termed as :
(a) Gross primary productivity (b) Secondary productivity
(c) Net productivity (d) Net primary productivity
During ecological succession :
(a) the establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase.
(b) the numbers and types of animals remain constant.
(c) the changes lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called pioneer community.
(d) the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area.
An association of individuals of different species living in the same habitat and having functional interactions is :
(a) Biotic community (b) Ecosystem (c) Population (d) Ecological niche
Secondary succession takes place on/in :
(a) degraded forest (b) newly created pond (c) newly cooled lava (d) bare rock
Most animals that live in deep oceanic waters are :
(a) tertiary consumers (b) secondary consumers
(c) detritivores (d) primary consumers
Increase in concentration of the toxicant at successive trophic levels is known as ___________.
(a) Biodeterioration (b) Biotransformation (c) Biogeochemical (d) Biomagnification
In which of the following, both pairs have correct combination?
(a) Gaseous nutrient cycle Carbon and Sulphur Sedimentary nutrient cycle Nitrogen and Phosphorus
(b) Gaseous nutrient cycle Nitrogen and Sulphur Sedimentary nutrient cycle Carbon and Phosphorus
(c) Gaseous nutrient cycle Sulphur and Sedimentary nutrient cycle Phosphorus Carbon and Nitrogen
(d) Gaseous nutrient cycle Carbon and Nitrogen Sedimentary nutrient cycle Sulphur and Phosphorus
Match the following and select the correct option
Column I Column II
Earthworm I. Pioneer species
Succession II. Detritivore
Ecosystem service III. Natality
Population growth IV. Pollination
(a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV (b) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
(c) A – III; B – II; C – IV; D – I (d) A – II, B – I; C – IV; D – III
If 20 J of energy is trapped at producer level, then how much energy will be available to peacock as food in the following chain?plant mice snake peacock
(a) 0.02 J (b) 0.002 J (c) 0.2 J (d) 0.0002 J
Given below is a simplified model of phosphorus cycling in a terrestrial ecosystem with four blanks (A-D).Identify the blanks
Which of the following ecological pyramids is generally inverted?
(1) Pyramid of numbers in grassland (2) Pyramid of energy
(3) Pyramid of biomass in a forest (4) Pyramid of biomass in a sea
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(1) Biomass decreases from first to fourth trophic level
(2) Energy content gradually increases from first to fourth trophic level
(3) Number of individuals decreases from first trophic level to fourth trophic level
(4) Energy content gradually decreases from first to fourth trophic level
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the phosphorus cycle?
(1) Phosphates are the major form of phosphorus reservoir
(2) Phosphorus solubilising bacteria facilitate the release of phosphorus from organic remains
(3) There is appreciable respiratory release of phosphorus into atmosphere
(4) It is sedimentary cycle
The rate of decomposition is faster in the ecosystem due to following factors EXCEPT:-
(1) Detritus rich in sugars (2) Warm and moist environment
(3) Presence of aerobic soil microbes (4) Detritus richer in lignin and chitin
Which of the following ecological pyramids is generally inverted?
(1) Pyramid of numbers in grassland (2) Pyramid of energy
(3) Pyramid of biomass in a forest (4) Pyramid of biomass in a sea
In relation to Gross primary productivity and Net primary productivity of an ecosystem, which one of the following statements is correct?
1) There is no relationship between Gross primary productivity and Net primary productivity
2) Gross primary productivity is always less than net primary productivity
3) Gross primary productivity is always more than net primary productivity
4) Gross primary productivity and Net primary productivity are one and same
Mach the trophic levels with their correct species examples in grassland ecosystem
(a) Fourth trophic level (i) Crow
(b) Second trophic level (ii) Vulture
(c) First trophic level (iii) Rabbit
(d) Third trophic level (iv) Grass
Select the correct option
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
3) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
4) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(1) Biomass decreases from first to fourth trophic level
(2) Energy content gradually increases from first to fourth trophic level
(3) Number of individuals decreases from first trophic level to fourth trophic level
(4) Energy content gradually decreases from first to fourth trophic level
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the phosphorus cycle?
(1) Phosphates are the major form of phosphorus reservoir
(2) Phosphorus solubilising bacteria facilitate the release of phosphorus from organic remains
(3) There is appreciable respiratory release of phosphorus into atmosphere
(4) It is sedimentary cycle
The amount of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium present in the soil at any given time, is referred as:
1) Climax community 2) Standing state 3) Standing crop 4) Climax
In the equation GPP-R=NPP R represents:
1) Retardation factor 2) Environment factor 3) Respiration losses 4) Radiant energy
Which of the following statement is not correct?
1) Pyramid of biomass in sea is generally upright
2) Pyramid of energy is always upright
3) Pyramid of numbers in a grassland ecosystem is up right
4) Pyramid of biomass in sea is generally inverted
Given below are two statements.
Statement I : Decomposition is a process in which the detritus is degraded into simpler substances by microbes .
Statement II : Decomposition is faster if the detritus is rich in lignin and chitin
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1) Both statement I and statement II are correct
2) Both statement I and Statement II are incorrect
3) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect
4) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct
Which one of the following will accelerate phosphorus cycle?
1) Burning of fossil fuels 2) Volcanic activity
3) Weathering of rocks 4) Rain fall and storms
Detritivores breakdown detritus into smaller particles. This process is called:
1) Catabolism 2) Fragmentation
3) Humification 4) Decomposition