19 EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION QUESTIONS

CHAPTER NOTES

Ammonia and urea are waste products derived from the metabolic breakdown of-

A) Lipids

B) Carbohydrates

C) Proteins

D) Sugars

Which of the following molecules is the most toxic to the cells?

A) NaCl

B) Urea

C) Uric acid

D) Ammonia

The terms “ammonotelic”, “Ureotelic”, and “Uricotelic” are used to describe-

A) Modes of excretory system development

B) The actions of hormones on the excretory systems

C) The types of nitrogenous waste produced by various classes of vertebrates

D) Modification of kidney tubules to enhance excretion

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibian and aquatic insects are ammoniotelic

B) Ammonia is readily soluble

C) NH₃ is generally excreted by the body surface or through gills (in fishes) as NH₄ ⁺

D) All

Which of the following statements is wrong?

A) Kidney does not play any significant role in the removal of ammonia

B) Ureotelic animals excrete most of the nitrogenous waste as urea

C) Ammonia and urea are the waste products derived from the metabolic breakdown of proteins

D) None of the above is wrong

Urea and uric acid are –

A) More toxic than NH₃

B) Less toxic than NH₃

C) Equally toxic to NH₃

D) Non-toxic

Which of the following group of animals is ureotelic?

A) many terrestrial amphibians

B) Mammals

C) Marine fishes

D) All

NH₃ is converted into urea in –

A) Kidney

B) Liver

C) Spleen

D) Intestine

Which of the following groups of animals is uricotelic?

A) Reptiles

B) Insects

C) Birds and land snail

D) All

Excretion of nitrogenous products in semisolid forms by –

A) Uricotelic animals

B) Ureotelic animals

C) Ammoniotelic animals

D) Amniotes

Least toxic nitrogenous waste is –

A) NH₃

B) Urea

C) Uric acid

D) NH₃ and urea

Which of following in small amount is retained in kidney matrix of some animals to maintain a desired osmolarity?

A) NH₃B) Urea C) Uric acid D) NH₃ and uric acid

Terrestrial organisms must conserve water. The least amount of water is lost with the excretion of which nitrogenous waste product?

A) NH₃

B) Uric acid

C) Urea

D) CO₂

The less amount of water is lost with the excretion of which nitrogenous product?

A) NH₃ and urea

B) NH₃ and uric acid

C) NH₃

D) Urea and uric acid

Which of the following is correct about protonephridia/flame cells?

A) Protonephridia are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes (e.g. Planaria), rotifers and some annelids

B) Protonephridia are the excretory structures in the cephalochordates e.g. Amphioxus

C) Protonephridia are primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation i.e. osmoregulation

D) All

Match the column I with column II.

	Coulumn I		Column II
A	Nephridia	I	Crustaceans(Prawn)
B	Malphigian tubules	II	Annelids(Earthworm)
C	Anteenal Gland or Green Glands	III	Insects (Cockroach)

A) A-I, B-II, C-III

B) A-III, B – II, C – I

C) A-II, B – III, C-I

D) A-II, B- I, C-III

Which of the following statements is wrong about the human excretory system?

A) Excretory system consists of one pair of bean shaped kidneys, one pair of ureter, a urinary bladder and a urethra.

B) Kidneys are situated between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae close to the dorsal wall in abdominal cavity.

C) Right kidney is a little higher level than the left one.

D) All

Each kidney of adult human measures-

	Le ngth	Width	Thickness	Weight
A	10 – 12 Cm	5 – 7cm	2 – 3 cm	120-170 g
B	10 – 20 Cm	10 – 12 Cm	6 – 12 cm	40-50 gm
C	2 – 6 cm	10 – 12 Cm	6 – 12 cm	40-50 gm
D	10 – 12 Mm	5 – 7 Mm	2 – 3 mm	120-170 mg

The part of kidney, gateway for ureter, nerves and blood vessels is-

A) Hilum

B) Renal pore

C) Minor calyx

D) Major calyx

Inner to the hilum of kidney is a broad funnel shaped space called-

A) Cortex

B) Medulla

C) Pelvis

D) Calyx

Which of the following statements is false?

I. Outer cortex and inner medulla are the two zones in kidney

II. Medulla is divided into about 8 to 18 renal pyramids

III. Pyramid projects into calyx

IV. Inwards extension of cortex between the pyramids is called renal column of Bertini

A) I and IV

B) II and IV

C) IV

D) None

Observe the following figure.

Identify A to E structure.

	A	B	C	D	E
A)	Superior vena cava	Inferior vena cava	Dorsal Aorta	Urethra	Pelvis
B)	Inferior vena cava	Superior vena cava	Dorsal Aorta	Urethra	Pelvis
C)	Urethra	Inferior vena cava	Dorsal Aorta	Urethra	Pelvis
D)	Dorsal Aorta	Inferior vena cava	Urethra	Cortex	Pelvis

Which one of the following is the structural and functional unit of kidney?

A) Urethra

B) Urinary bladder

C) Renal column

D) Nephron

Renal corpuscle or Malpighian body is-

A) Glomerulus only

B) Glomerulus along with Bowman’s capsule

C) Bowman’s capsule

D) Glomerulus with afferent arteriole

Which one of the following is a tube that carries urine from kidney to the urinary bladder?

A) Loop of Henle B) Ureter C) Urethra D) Uvula

Go through the following figure-

Identify A to D

	A	B	C	D
A)	Cortex	Calyx	Renal Column	Ureter
B)	Calyx	Cortex	Renal Column	Ureter
C)	Medulla	Cortex	Renal Column	Urethra
D)	Calyx	Cortex	Renal Column	Urethra

Each kidney has how many nephrons?

A) About 2 million

B) About 1 million

C) About 5000

D) About 50000

The bed of capillaries in the vertebrate kidney where water, urea and salts are filtered out of the blood is the –

A) Bowman’s capsule

B) Collecting duct

C) Glomerulus

D) Loop of Henle

All of the following structures are situated in the renal cortex except –

A) Loop of Henle

B) Malpighian corpuscle

C) PCT

D) DCT

The DCTs of many nephrons open into a straight tube called –

A) PCT

B) Loop of Henle

C) Collecting duct

D) Bowman’s capsule

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Renal tubule starts with a double walled cup like structure called Bowman’s capsule

B) In majority of nephrons, the loop of Henle is too short and such nephrons are cortical nephrons

C) Juxta medullary nephron has long loop of Henle

D) None

Which is the correct pathway for passage of urine in humans?

A) Collecting tubule → ureter → bladder → urethra

B) Renal vein → renal ureter → bladder → urethra

C) Pelvis → Medulla → bladder → urethra

D) Cortex → Medulla → bladder → ureter

Match the column I with column II.

	Column I		Column II
A	Delivers blood to glomerulus	I	Ascending and descending limb
B	Carries urine to pelvis, also acts in water reabsorption	II	Renal artery
C	Collects filtrate from Bowman’s capsule	III	Collecting duct
D	Loop of Henle	IV	PCT

A) A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – I

B) A-I, B – III, C-II, D- IV

C) A – II, B – IV, C – I, D – III

D) A- IV, B – III, C – II, D – I

Which of the following is correct about Juxta medullary nephrons?

A) Vasa recta is prominent

B) Loop of Henle is long

C) NaCl is returned to the interstitium by ascending limb of vasa recta

D) All

Which of the following places the region of nephron in their correct sequence with respect to flow of tubular fluid?

A) PCT→ Descending limb of Henle (DLH) → Ascending limb of Henle (ALH) → DCT→ Collecting duct(CD)

B) PCT→ALH →DLH →OCT→CD

C) ALH →DLH →PCT→OCT→CD

D) OCT→ALH →DLH →PCT→CD

Vasa recta is –

A) shaped

B) S-shaped

C) U-shaped

D) J-shaped

In glomerulus, afferent arteriole –

A) Is wider than efferent arteriole

B) And efferent arteriole has similar diameter

C) Is narrower than efferent arteriole

D) Is narrow than efferent capillaries

Which of the following is incorrect?

A) Blood vessel leading to glomerulus is called efferent arteriole

B) Vasa recta, peritubular capillaries, Glomerulus all have blood

C) Cortical nephron has no or highly reduced vasa recta

D) Vasa recta runs parallel to the Henle’s loop in juxtamedullary nephrons

Urine formation involves-

A) Ultra filtration and reabsorption occurring in different parts of nephron

B) Ultrafiltration and reabsorption occurring in same part of nephron

C) Ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion occurring in different parts of nephron

D) Ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion occurring in same part of nephron

Match the column I with column II.

	Coulumn I		Column II
a	PCT	I	Concentrated urine formation
b	DCT	II	Filtration of blood
c	Loop of Henle	III	Reabsorption of 70 – 80% electrolytes
d	Countercurrent mechanism	IV	Ionic balance
e	Renal corpuscle	V	Maintenance of conc. gradient in medulla

	a	b	c	d	e
A)	III	IV	I	V	II
B)	III	V	IV	II	I
C)	I	III	II	V	IV
D)	III	I	IV	V	II

Which of the following statements is correct?

I. Renal vein take blood away from kidney

II. Loop of Henle conserves water

III. Podocytes occur in inner wall of Bowman’s capsule

IV. Ultrafiltrate I nephric filtrate is plasma minus proteins.

A) I and II

B) I and Ill

C) III and IV

D) I, II, III, IV

The glomerular capillaries cause filtration of blood through ____ layers –

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 6

The layers between the blood in glomerular blood Bowman’s space are –

A) Tunica media + Cuboidal epithelium+Basement’s membrane

B) Endothelium + Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule + Basement membrane between the 2 layers

C) Endothelium of glomerular blood vessel + Endothelium of Bowman’s capsule + Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

D) Tunica media + Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule + Endothelium of Bowman’s capsule

On average, _____ mL of blood is filtrated by the kidney per minute which constitute roughly of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of heart in a minute. –

A) 125 ml, 1/6^th

B) 100 -125 ml, 1/6^th

C) 1100 -1200 ml, 1/5^th

D) 5 L, 1/10^th

The amount of the filtrate formed by the kidney / minute is called GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate). The GFR of a healthy adult is- –

A) 80 mL/min

B) 125 mL/min

C) 300 mL/min

D) 20 mL/min

The GFR/day in a healthy adult is –

A) 5 L

B) 180 L

C) 200 L

D) 20 L

Juxtaglomerular apparatus, a special sensitive cellular region is formed in –

A) PCT and DCT

B) PCT and DCT at the location of their contact

C) PCT and loop of Henle at the location their contact

D) DCT and afferent arteriole at the location of their contact

Of the filtrate, nearly how many of it is reabsorbed by the renal tubules?

A) 5%

B) 99%

C) 50%

D) 25%

Which of following statements is false?

A) The kidney has built in mechanism for regulation of GFR

B) Tubular secretion does not play any significant role in urine formation

C) The amount of urine output per day in normal adult is about 1.5 L

D) During urine formation tubular cells secrete H+, K+ and NH3 in the filtrate

Which of the following statements about proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is false?

A) It is lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium which increases the surface area

B) Nearly all the essential nutrients, 70 – 80% electrolytes, 70% H2O are reabsorbed by PCT

C) PCT is not the site of selective secretion

D) PCT helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of body fluids

PCT helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of body fluids by –

A) Selective secretion of H⁺, NH₃ and K⁺ ions in filtrate

B) Reabsorption of from filtrate

C) Both a and b

D) Secreting regulatory hormone like renin and angiotensinogen

If Loop of Henle were absent from mammalian nephrons, which of the following is to be expected?

A) The urine will be more dilute

B) There will be no urine formation

C) The urine will be more concentrated

D) There will be hardly any change in quality and quantity of urine formed

Use following diagram to complete the statements about the human nephron –

I. The composition of the filtrate would be most like plasma in the tubule next to the letter.

II. The urine would be most concentrated in the collecting duct next to letter

III. Most of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed into peritubular capillary next to the letter

IV. Conducting of urine to pelvis of the kidney from the structure next to the letter

V. Most water is reabsorbed by the structure next to the litter

	I	II	III	IV	V
A)	A	C	B	E	D
B)	A	E	B	C	D
C)	A	B	E	C	D
D)	A	E	B	E	B

I. Reabsorption in this region is minimum.

II. This region plays a significant role in the maintenance of high osmolarity of intestinal fluid

III. Its descending limb is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes

IV. Its ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolyte actively or passively

V. In descending limb filtrate is hypertonic while in ascending limb filtrate is hypotonic

The above characteristics are associated with –

A) PCT

B) Loop of Henle

C) DCT

D) Bowman’s capsule

Which of the following statements is correct?

I. Reabsorption of water occurs passively in the initial segment of nephron

II. Nitrogenous waste are absorbed by passive transport

III. Conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water takes place in DCT

IV. DCT reabsorbs HCO₃ –V. DCT is capable of selective secretion of H+, K+ and NH3 to maintain pH and Na+ – K+ balance in blood

V. Substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+, etc in the filtrate are reabsorbed actively

A) I and II

B) II and III

C) IV and V

D) All

Tubular secretion helps to maintain a proper acid-base balance by removing one of the following from blood –

A) H+ and NH3

B) Uric acid

C) H+ and urea

D) NH3 and creatinine

Which of the following statements is false regarding the collecting duct?

I. Collecting duct is a straight duct

II. It extends from the cortex to medulla

III. Large amount of water could be reabsorbed from it to produce concentrated urine·

IV. Small amount of urea diffuses out from it into the medulla to keep up the osmolarity

V. It plays a role to maintain pH and ionic balance of blood by the selective secretion of H+ and K+ ions

A) Only I

B) Only III

C) IV and V

D) None

Mammals have the ability to produce ______ urine-

A) Hypotonic

B) Hypertonic

C) Isotonic

D) Alkaline

Which one plays an important role in counter current mechanism?

A) Vasa recta

B) PCT

C) Loop of Henle

D) A and C

In which of the following counter current operates-

A) In ascending limb of loop of Henle

B) In descending limb of loop of Henle

C) In ascending limb or descending limb of vasa recta

D) Between the 2 limb of Henle’s loop and those of vasa recta

Medullary gradient is developed by all the following except –

A) Reabsorption of Na+ from ascending limb of Henle’s loop into medullary interstitium

B) Reabsorption of Na+ from descending limb of Henle’s loop

C) Diffusion of small amount of urea from collecting duct into medullary interstitium

D) Proximity between Henle’s loop and vasa recta as well as the counter current in them

The medullary gradient is mainly caused by –

A) Urea & K+

B) H+ and K+

C) NaCl and Urea

D) Urea and H+

The counter current mechanism helps to maintain a concentration gradient. This gradient helps in –

A) Easy passage of water from medulla to collecting tubule and thereby concentrating urine

B) Easy passage of water from collecting tubule and thereby concentrating urine

C) Easy passage of water from medullary interstitial fluid to collecting tubule and thereby diluting urine

D) Inhibition of passage of water between the collecting tubule and medulla and so isotonic urine is formed

NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is exchanged with –

A) DCT B) PCT C) Ascending limb of vasa recta D) Descending limb of vasa recta

NaCl is returned to the by the ascending limb of vasa recta –

A) Ascending limb of Henle’s loop

B) DCT

C) PCT

D) Interstitial fluid of medulla

Human kidney can produce urine nearly how many times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed?

A) 4

B) 2

C) 10

D) 100

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except –

I. Diffusion of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

II. Active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb

III. The spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons

IV. Diffusion of urea from the collecting duct

V. Diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

A) Only I

B) Only V

C) III and IV

D) I and V

Which one of the following is produced in the kidneys?

A) Rennin

B) Renin

C) Uricase

D)Arginase

Reabsorption of Na+ is controlled by –

A) Vasopressin or ADH

B) Aldosterone

C) Renin

D) Rennin

The reabsorption of water in the kidneys is under the control of a hormone –

A) STH

B) ACTH

C) LH

D) ADH/Vasopressin

Antidiuretic hormone secretion increases when the hypothalamus is stimulated by –

A) Angiotensin receptors

B) Glucose receptors

C) Osmoreceptors

D) Renin receptors

The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance by controlling the level of ____ in the blood-

A) CO₂

B) H⁺

D) B and C

The functioning of the kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms involving –

A) Hypothalamus only

B) JGA only

C) The heart only

D) Hypothalamus, JGA and heart (to certain extent)

Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes in –

A) Blood volume but not body fluid volume

B) Body fluid volume but not blood volume

C) Blood volume and body fluid volume

D) Blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic concentration

Which of the following sequences is correct for regulation of kidney function?

A) An excess loss of water from body→Stimulates hypothalamus→Osmoreceptors→ eurohypophysis→ADH→ Increases water permeability of DCT and CT→ Prevention of diuresis

B) An excess loss of fluid from body→Osmoreceptors→ Hypothalamus→Neurohypophysis→ ADH→ Increases water permeability of DCT and CT→Prevention of diuresis.

C) An excess loss of fluid from body→ Osmoreceptors→ Hypothalamus→ Neurohypophysis→Aldosterone→ Water permeability of DCT and CT increases→ Prevention of diuresis

D) An excess loss of fluid from body→ osmoreceptor→ Hypothalamus→ Adenohypophysis→ ADH→ Increases water permeability of DCT and CT→

Osmoregulation is the function of-

A) Oxytocin

B) Prolactin

C) Vasopressin (ADH)

D) None of the above

ADH is synthesised by, _______ released by _ and acts on _______.

A) Hypothalamus, Neurohypophysis, DCT and CT

B) Hypothalamus, Neurohypophysis, Loop of Henle

C) Hypothalamus, Adenohypophysis, DCT and CT

D) Hypothalamus, Adenohypophysis, Loop of Henle

Which of the following sequence is correct?

A) An increase in body fluid volume → switch off the Osmoreceptors → suppresses the ADH release

B) ADH → Constricting effect on blood vessel→ B. P. high~ Glomerular blood flow more → GFR more

C) Angiotensinogen→ Angiotensin I→ Angiotensin II→ Adrenal cortex →Aldosterone

D) All

Which of the following factors can active the JG cells to release renin?

A) A fall in glomerular blood pressure (GBP)

B) A fall in glomerular blood flow (GBF)

C) A fall in GFR

D) A fall in GFR I GBP I GBF

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Angiotensin II, being a powerful vasoconstrictor, increases glomerular pressure and thereby GFR

B) Angiotensin II activates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

C) Aldosterone promotes reabsorption of Na+ and water from the DCT and CT leading to an increase in B.P. and GFR

D) ANF causes vasoconstriction

RAAS (Renin -Angiotensinogen – Aldosterone System)-

A) Is triggered when the juxtaglomerular cells of JGA releases renin in response to various stimuli

B) Is responsible for regulation of kidney function

C) Are stimulated when ANF is more in blood

D) A and B are correct

Which of the following is true about Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF)?

A) An increase in blood volume and B. P. stimulates cardiac atria to release ANF

B) ANF promotes vasoconstriction and thereby decrease B.P.

C) ANF acts as a check on RAAS

D) A and C

Renin-angiotensin pathway controls –

A) Ultrafiltration

B) Blood pressure

C) Glucose reabsorption

D) Cardia output

RAAS secretes which of the following hormones?

A) Glucocorticoids

B) Renin

C) Mineralocorticoids

D) All

The expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is called –

A) Uricolysis

B) Micturition

C) Uremia

D) Anuria

In micturition –

A) Urethra relaxes

B) Ureter relaxes

C) Ureter contracts

D) Urethra contracts

The outline of principal event of urination is given below in unordered manner-

I. Stretch receptors on the wall of urinary bladder send signal to the CNS

II. The bladder fills with urine and becomes distended

III. Micturition

IV. CNS passes on motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of bladder and simultaneous relaxation of urethral Sphincter

The correct order of steps for urination is –

A) I→ II→ III→ IV

B) IV→ III→ II→I

C) II→I→ IV→ III

D) III→ II →I → IV

The neural mechanisms causing urination is called –

A) Scarth reflex

B) Withdrawal reflex

C) Micturition reflex

D) None

Average pH of human urine is –

A) 6

B) 9

C) 3

D) 7

Match the column I with column II.

	Coulumn I		Column II
A)	Uremia	I)	Henle’s loop
B)	Ketonuria	II)	Ketone bodies in urine
C)	Glycosuria	III)	Artificial kidney
D)	Blood dialyser	IV)	Glucose in urine
E)	Concentration of urine	V)	Accumulation of urea in blood

A) A – V, B – II, C – IV, D – III, E – I

B) A- Ill, B – II, C – IV, D – I, E – V

C) A-I, B – II, C – IV, D – Ill, E – V

D) A- I, B – II, C – IV, D – V, E – III

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by-

A) Oilgonuria

B) Ketonuria and glycosuria

C) Anuria

D) Haematuria

How much urea is excreted per day by a normal adult?

A) 0 gm

B) 25 – 30 gm

C) 50 gm

D) 1 – 2 gm

Other than kidneys, which of the following also helps in the elimination of excretory wastes?

A) Skin

B) Liver

C) Lungs

D) All

How much CO₂ is removed per minute by our lungs-

A) 18 Ml

B) 200 Ml

C) 1L

D) 8 L

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Micturition is carried out by a reflex

B) Cholesterol is excreted in the bile and waxes are excreted in the sebum

C) 8 L urine is excreted per day

D) The primary function of sweat is excretion

Liver (largest gland) is both secretory and excretory organ. It secretes bile. Which of the following are major excretory products of bile?

A) Degraded and steroid hormones

B) Vitamins and drugs

C) Bilirubin and Biliverdin

D) Cholesterol

Most of excretory products of bile ultimately pass out along with-

A) Urine

B) Digestive wastes

C) Urea

D) Sweat

I. The human skin possesses sweat and sebaceous glands which eliminate some wastes in their secretion.

II. Sweat is waxy protective secretion having sterols, hydrocarbons and fatty acid

III. Sebum is an aqueous fluid having NaCl, lactic acid, urea, amino acids, glucose

Which one of the above statement is correct?

A) Only I

B) II and III

C) Only II

D) I and II

In uremia, artificial kidney is used for removing accumulated waste products like urea by the process called-

A) Micturition

B) Haemolysis

C) Ureotelism

D) Hemodialysis

In artificial kidney dialysing fluid contains all the constituents as in plasma expect-

A) Na+

B) Water

C) Glucose

D) Nitrogenous wastes

Kidney stone is produced by-

A) Deposition of sand particles

B) Crystallization of Ca- oxalate

C) Precipitation of protein

D) KCI or NaCl

Bright’s disease/Glomerulonephritis is-

A) Glycosuria

B) Cystitis

C) Inflammation of glomeruli

D) Ketonuria

Following are the steps of dialysis-

A. Blood is passed into a vein.

B. Blood is mixed with heparin.

C. Blood is mixed with anti-heparin.

D. Blood is drained from convenient artery.

E. Blood is passed through a coiled and porous cellophane tube bathing in dialysis fluid.

F. Removal of nitrogenous wastes from blood.

The correct sequence of steps is-

A) A → B → C → D → E → F

B) F → C → E → B → A → D

C) D → B → E → F → C → A

D) D → C → E → F → B → A

Match the excretory disorder given in column I with their description given in column II and select the correct option given below.

Column – I Column – II

Glycosuria I. Accumulation of uric in joints

Gout II. Mass of crystallised salts within the kidney

Renal calculi III. Inflammation in glomeruli

Glomerula nephrits IV. Presence of glucose in urine

(a) A-III; B-II; C-IV; D-I

(b) A-I; B-II; C-III; D-IV

(d) A-II; B-III; C-I; D-IV

Match the function given in column I with their respective structure given in column II and select the correct option given below:

Column I Column II

(Function) (Part of Excretory system)

Ultrafiltration I. Henle’s loopB.

Concentration of urine II. Ureter

Transport of urine III. Urinary bladder

Storage of urine IV. Malpighian corpuscle

Proximal convoluted tubule

(a) A-IV; B-V; C-II; D-III

(b) A-IV; B-I; C-II; D-III

(d) A-V; B-IV; C-I; D-II

Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) The descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water.

(b) The ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water.

(d) The ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water

A decrease in blood pressure / volume will not cause the release of :

(a) Atrial natriuretic factor

(b) Aldosterone

(d) Renin

In mammals, which blood vessel would normally carry largest amount of urea?

(a) Renal vein

(b) Dorsal aorta

(d) Hepatic portal vein

Human urine is usually acidic because

(a) excreted plasma proteins are acidic.

(b) potassium and sodium exchange generates acidity.

(d) the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion in peritubular capillaries.

Which of the following does not favour the formation of large quantities of dilute urine?

(a) Caffeine

(b) Renin

(d) Alcohol

Removal of proximal convoluted tubule from the nephron will result in

(a) more concentrated urine.

(b) no change in quality and quantity of urine.

(d) more diluted urine.

Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?

(a) Increase in aldosterone levels.

(b) Increase in antidiuretic hormone levels.

(d) Decrease in antidiuretic hormone levels.

Use of an artificial kidney during haemodialysis may result in :

(a) Nitrogenous waste build-up in the body

(b) Non-elimination of excess potassium ions

(d) Reduced RBC production

Which of the following options is the most appropriate?

(1) (a) and (b) are correct

(2) (b) and (c) are correct

(3) (c) and (d) are correct

(4) (a) and (d) are correct

Match the following parts of a nephron with their function:

(a) Descending limb of Henle’s loop (i) Reabsorption of salts only

(b) Proximal convoluted tubule (ii) Reabsorption of water only

(d) Distal convoluted (iv) Reabsorption of tubule ion, water and organic nutrients.

Select the correct option from the following:

(1) (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), d-(iv)

(2) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), d-(iii)

(3) (a)-(i), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), d-(iii)

(4) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), d-(ii)

Match the items in Column-I with those in Column-II:

Column-I Column-II

(a) Podocytes (i) Crystallised oxalates

(b) Protonephridia (ii) Annelids

(d) Renal calculi (iv) Filtration slits

Select the correct option from the following :

(1) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), d-(i)

(2) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), d-(i)

(3) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), d-(i)

(4) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), d-(i)

The increase in osmolarity from outer to inner medullary interstitium is maintained due to :

(i) Close proximity between Henle’s loop and vasa recta

(ii) Counter current mechanism

(iii) Selective secretion of and hydrogen ions in PCT

(iv) Higher blood pressure in glomerular capillaries

(1) Only(ii)

(2) (iii) and (iv)

(3) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(4) (i) and (ii)

Select the correct statement :

(1) Atrial Natriuretic Factor increases the blood pressure.

(2) Angiotensin II is a powerful vasodilator.

(3) Counter current pattern of blood flow is not observed in vasa recta.

(4) Reduction in Glomerular Filtration Rate activates JG cells to release renin.

Which of the following would help in prevention of diuresis?

1) Decrease in secretion of renin by JG cells

2) More water reabsorption due to under secretion of ADH

3) Reabsorption of Na+ and water from renal tubules due to aldosterone

4) Atrial natriuretic factor causes vasoconstriction

Presence of which of the following conditions in urine are indicative of Diabetes Mellitus?

1) Renal calculi and Hyperglycaemia

2) Uremia and Ketonuria

3) Uremia and Renal calculi

4) Ketonuria and Glycosuria

Nitrogenous waste is excreted in the form of pellet or paste by:

1) Ornithorhynchus

2) Salamandra

3) Hippocampus

4) Pavo

CHAPTER NOTES

19 EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION QUESTIONS